Stream: Beginner Questions

Topic: Limit proof with real power


view this post on Zulip Mark Wassell (Jan 05 2021 at 08:36):

Hi,

I would like to prove that for a>0a>0 :

limx0+ax=1\lim\limits_{x \rightarrow 0^+} a^x = 1

In Isabelle, this might look something like:

lemma
  fixes a::real
  assumes "a > 0"
  shows "((λx. a ^ x) ⤏ 1) F"

what filter should I used for 'tends to zero from above' and is there a real power function that makes x real? In the above currently, Isabelle is inferring nat as the type for x.

This is part of a personal study to see how easy it is to do some basic limit problems in a nice and accessible way. Limit problems such as this one on Youtube.

Cheers

Mark

view this post on Zulip Mathias Fleury (Jan 05 2021 at 09:18):

sorry, wrong thread

view this post on Zulip Manuel Eberl (Jan 05 2021 at 11:24):

Funny you should ask, if you import HOL-Real_Asymp.Real_Asymp, this goes through with using assms by real_asymp. :smile:

view this post on Zulip Manuel Eberl (Jan 05 2021 at 11:28):

And as for your other questions, x powr y is the power function on real numbers (caveat: 0 ^ y = 0 for any y and it's undefined for x < 0) or complex numbers (same caveat for x = 0, branch cut for negative real y as usual).

The F in your case should simply be at_right 0. This is an abbreviation for at 0 within {0<..}, and at x within A is basically the neighbourhood filter nhds x restricted to A - {x}, i.e. you can approach x from any ‘path’ within A-{x}.

You can even prove something stronger, namely filterlim (λx. a powr x) (at_right 1) (at_right 0).

view this post on Zulip Manuel Eberl (Jan 05 2021 at 11:49):

Correction: You need a case distinction over a < 1, a = 1 and a > 1 though because real_asymp works by computing series expansions and these look a bit different in each of these cases: without the case distinction, real_asymp will tell you that it was unable to determine the sign of ln a if you run it with real_asymp (verbose).

There is also the diagnostic tool real_limit with which you can find the limit of an expression:

context
  fixes a b :: real
  assumes a: "a > 0" "a < 1" and b: "b > 1"
begin

real_limit "λx. a powr x"
  limit: "at_right 0" facts: a

real_limit "λx. b powr x"
  limit: "at_right 0" facts: b

For completeness, here the more detailed variant where you also show from where it approaches:

lemma "a ∈ {0<..<1} ⟹ filterlim (λx::real. a powr x) (at_left 1) (at_right 0)"
      "a > 1 ⟹ filterlim (λx::real. a powr x) (at_right 1) (at_right 0)"
  by real_asymp+

view this post on Zulip Manuel Eberl (Jan 05 2021 at 11:55):

The video you posted shows the example limn(an+bn2)n\lim\limits_{n\to\infty} \left(\frac{\sqrt[n]{a}+\sqrt[n]{b}}{2}\right)^n. The problem with that is that for technical reasons, real_asymp currently does not support root n x where n is not a constant. However, you can prove a more general version like this:

lemma
  fixes a b :: real
  assumes "a > 0" "b > 0"
  shows   "((λx. ((a powr (1/x) + b powr (1/x)) / 2) powr x) ⤏ exp ((ln a + ln b) / 2)) at_top"
  using assms by real_asymp

There is also documentation for real_asymp in ~~/Doc/Real_Asymp. And you can of course always ask me if you have any questions!

view this post on Zulip Manuel Eberl (Jan 05 2021 at 12:02):

Addendum: here is a proof of your initial question without real_asymp, using the continuity of powr at 0:

lemma
  fixes a::real
  assumes "a > 0"
  shows "((λx. a powr x) ⤏ 1) (at_right 0)"
proof -
  from assms have "((λx. a powr x) ⤏ a powr 0) (nhds 0)"
    by (intro tendsto_intros filterlim_ident) auto
  hence "((λx. a powr x) ⤏ a powr 0) (at_right 0)"
    by (rule filterlim_mono) (auto simp: at_within_le_nhds)
  thus ?thesis using assms by simp
qed

view this post on Zulip Manuel Eberl (Jan 05 2021 at 12:04):

This uses the rule tendsto_powr', which is in the tendsto_intros collection:

(f ⤏ a) F ⟹ (g ⤏ b) F ⟹ a ≠ 0 ∨ 0 < b ∧ (∀⇩F x in F. 0 ≤ f x)
⟹ ((λx. f x powr g x) ⤏ a powr b) F

These proofs get fairly tedious for more complicated limits though – which is why I made real_asymp. See this paper for a description of how it works if you're curious (but for instructions on how to use it, look at the documentation instead or ask me).

view this post on Zulip Mark Wassell (Jan 05 2021 at 15:44):

Wonderful. Thank you.


Last updated: Dec 07 2024 at 16:22 UTC